Classification of Personality Disorders in the DSM-IV

The classification of personality disorders is controversial. An example would be that the DSM-IV has disorders listed that have discrepancies with the book used in Europe, the ICD-10. Narcissism is included in the DSM-IV, but not the ICD-10. Another example is that a person's culture plays a large role in diagnosis. In Africa, it might be considered a great thing to have a spirit of a dead relative speak with you on a regular basis. …

…with authority. Cleckley's definition was found to have problems with reliability because of the elusive features he used, such as 'incapacity for love'. Lee's book showed reliable predictors of antisocial behavior when children with conduct disorder became adults, and was adopted by the DSM-III. Critics felt that the DSM-III blurred the distinction between criminality and antisocial personality while Cleckley's approach seemed to be clearer, "all criminals are not psychopaths, and all psychopaths are not criminals."